On Rabindranath Tagore’s death anniversary, we revisit his life and times
Rabindranath Tagore was a polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music. The man who reshaped and rejuvenated the Indian Art with Contextual modernism. His legacy endures also in the institution he founded, Visva-Bharati University.
Sometimes referred to as “the Bard of Bengal”, Rabindranth Tagore, author of Gitanjali, was the first non-European (neither as a Bengali nor as an Indian, but as an Anglo-Indian) to win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.
Tagore first wrote poetry at the age of eight, and at 16, he published his first poems under the pseudonym Bhanusimha (Sun Lion), which was are considered as long lost classics. In 1877, he published short stories and dramas under his real name.
Tagore modernised Bengali art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance-dramas, and essays spoke about, both political and personal issues. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) and Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works. Besides Gitanjali, other notable works include Manasi, Sonar Tori (“Golden Boat”), Balaka (“Wild Geese” — the title being a metaphor for migrating souls).
His compositions were chosen by two nations as national anthems: India’s Jana Gana Mana and Bangladesh’s Amar Shonar Bangla. “Jana Gana Mana” was initially the opening song for the Congress session in 1911 and it was later adopted as the national anthem for the nation. And it is said the Sri Lankan anthem was also inspired by him.
Because his father, Debendranath, wanted him to become a barrister, Tagore enrolled at a public school in Brighton, England in 1878. He briefly read law at University College London, but again left school, opting instead for independent study of Shakespeare’s plays Religio Medici, Coriolanus, and Antony and Cleopatra. And finally, in 1880, Tagore returned to Bengal without a degree, with the aim of reconciling European novelty with Brahmo tradition.
In 1883 he married 10-year-old Mrinalini Devi, (a common practice at the time) and they had five children, two of whom died in childhood.
Aishwarya Rai Bachchan in a still from the movie Choker Bali, which was based on a story by Rabindranath Tagore |
In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast ancestral estates in Shelaidaha (today a region of Bangladesh). As Zamindar Babu, Tagore He collected mostly token rents and blessed villagers who in turn honoured him with banquets — occasionally of dried rice and sour milk.
In 1901 Tagore moved to Santiniketan to found an ashram — The Mandir — an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, a library. There he lost his wife and two of his children died. After his father’s death in 1905, he received monthly payments as part of his inheritance and income from the Maharaja of Tripura, sales of his family’s jewellery, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and a derisory 2,000 rupees in book royalties.
Tagore’s remit expanded to science in his last years, as hinted in Visva-Parichay, a 1937 collection of essays. He wove the process of science, the narratives of scientists, into stories in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941).
Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore travelled to more than thirty countries on five continents. In 1912, he took his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary and Gandhi protégé Charles F. Andrews, Irish poet William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, and others. In his other travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Bergson, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Thomas Mann, George Bernard Shaw, H.G. Wells, and Romain Rolland.
Tagore was a prolific composer with around 2,230 songs to his credit. His songs are known as rabindrasangit (Tagore Song). Influenced by the thumri style of Hindustani music, they ran the entire gamut of human emotion, ranging from his early dirge-like Brahmo devotional hymns to quasi-erotic compositions.
At sixty, Tagore took up drawing and painting. Successful exhibitions of his many works were held throughout Europe. It is said he was red-green colour blind, which resulted in works that exhibited strange colour schemes and off-beat aesthetics. Tagore was influenced numerous styles, including scrimshaw by the Malanggan people of northern New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, Haida carvings from the Pacific Northwest region of North America, and woodcuts by the German Max Pechstein.
Tagore was opposed to imperialism and supported Indian nationalists, and these views were first revealed in Manast, which was mostly composed in his twenties. Two of Tagore’s more politically charged compositions, “Chitto Jetha Bhayshunyo” (“Where the Mind is Without Fear”) and “Ekla Chalo Re” (“If They Answer Not to Thy Call, Walk Alone”), gained mass appeal, with the latter favoured by Gandhi.
He was the second after Swami Vivekananda who addressed the World-Parliament of Religions for twice in the year 1929, 1937.
