Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi and Durham University in the UK have built a suction monitoring setup for soil cyclic triaxial testing to investigate the impact of climate change on railway embankments.
Supported by earthworks, the trackbed is mainly used to support the track infrastructure and carry the load imparted by the moving traffic.
The present design protocols only consider the load developed due to the moving train, thereby ignoring the real case scenario of changing the natural state of the soil due to ingress and egress of water.
Several times, soil used in earthworks is compacted and remains unsaturated during its lifetime. Seasonal variations in terms of precipitation and drought are capable of altering the amount of water present within this compacted soil mass, which can alter the strength of the embankment.
"We all now understand the reality of climate change which is causing intense rainfall. Compacted soil is susceptible to deterioration under the changing climatic conditions due to changes in the water holding capacity of the soil causing a hysteretic loss in the soil strength. In addition, the repeated train loading can exacerbate the deterioration process that would ultimately cause premature track degradation and resulting failure," said Dr. Ashutosh Kumar, Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, IIT Mandi, in a statement.
"Understanding the coupled impact of train and environmental loading is essential to design and maintain the railway embankment against changing climatic conditions," Kumar added.
The researchers thus developed a setup within a cyclic triaxial apparatus to monitor changes in soil suction and deformation brought by traffic-induced cyclic loading and environmental loading, which can be used to assess climate risk at the design stage of railway embankments.
The team adopted three testing protocols. First, under the condition of train loading, they allowed the water from the soil to drain freely when the soil voids were filled completely with water as a result of intense rainfall.
Then they conducted a test under constant water conditions replicating constant weather conditions under the given traffic conditions. This was followed by replicating the condition of the train loading under the ongoing event of rainfall.
The finding was used to identify the potential deterioration of soil strength due to wetting and drying cycles. The deformation in the soil was associated with water infiltration leading to a reduction in suction and hydraulic history, Kumar said.
The results, published in the ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, indicate that deformation and reduction in soil strength are due to the combined impact of cyclic and environmental loading. The hydraulic history of soil has a predominant impact on its ability to undergo deformation.
