Wall Street brokerage Goldman Sachs has lowered its estimate for India's economic growth to 11.1 percent in fiscal year to March 31, 2022, as a number of cities and states announced lockdowns of varying intensities to check spread of coronavirus infections.
India is suffering the world's worst outbreak of COVID-19 cases, with deaths crossing 2.22 lakh and new cases above 3.5 lakh daily. This has led to demand for imposition of nationwide strict lockdowns to stem the spread of the virus - a move that the Modi government has so far avoided after the economic devastation last year from a similar strategy.
Instead, it has left it to the States to impose restrictions to manage the virus. Several states and cities have imposed lockdowns of varying degrees.
"The intensity of the lockdown remains lower than last year," Goldman Sachs said in a report. "Still, the impact of tighter containment policy is clearly visible in higher frequency mobility data across key India cities."
As containment policy has tightened, high frequency data -- particularly on the services side -- has taken a hit. The manufacturing side -- as indicated by high frequency data on electricity consumption, and the stable April manufacturing PMI -- has been more resilient.
Labour market indicators suggest that the daily unemployment rate has ticked up moderately in recent weeks, but the employment impact so far is much more contained than in April-June last year.
"Overall, most indicators still suggest that the impact has been less severe than it was in Q2 (April-June) last year," Goldman Sachs said.
While the lockdown impact is much less severe than last year, the recent declines in services indicators including e-way bills, mobility, rail freight and cargo traffic has led to trimming GDP estimates.
"While activity is likely to rebound back quite sharply from Q3 (July-September) onwards -- assuming restrictions can ease somewhat over that timeframe -- the net result is to lower our FY22 real GDP growth forecast to 11.1 per cent (from 11.7 per cent previously), and our 2021 calendar year growth forecast to 9.7 per cent (from 10.5 per cent)," it said.
Goldman Sachs is not the first brokerage which has downgraded the GDP growth projections.
While Nomura last month downgraded projections of economic growth for the current fiscal year (April 2021 to March 2022) to 12.6 percent from 13.5 per cent earlier, JP Morgan projects GDP growth at 11 percent from 13 percent earlier. UBS sees 10 percent GDP growth, down from 11.5 percent earlier and Citi has downgraded growth to 12 percent.
GDP growth on decline
India's GDP growth had been on the decline even before the pandemic struck earlier last year. From a growth rate of 8.3 percent in FY17, the GDP expansion had dipped to 6.8 percent and 6.5 percent in the following two years and to 4 per cent in 2019-20.
In the COVID-ravaged 2020-21 fiscal (April 2020 to March 2021), the economy is projected to have contracted by up to 8 percent.
RBI has projected FY22 GDP growth at 10.5 percent, while IMF puts it at 12.5 percent. The World Bank sees 2021-22 growth at 10.1 percent.
New confirmed cases are up sharply from 2 lakh a day two weeks ago. Active cases have increased to 34 lakh from 15 lakh two weeks ago.
"The outbreak is broadening to other states such as Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka, with Maharashtra's share in total active cases falling to 20 percent, from 60 percent a couple of weeks ago," the Goldman Sachs report said.
Testing has increased and so has the daily positive rate to 21.3 percent, from 13.1 percent two weeks ago.
"Medical infrastructure remains under severe pressure in many large cities with acute shortages in medical oxygen, blood plasma, key drugs and hospital beds," it said. "Government medical panel estimates suggest cases could rise to over 5,00,000 per day by mid-May."
Goldman Sachs said there are some early signs of a peak in the rate of change of total active cases, although new cases and the positive testing rate remains very high.
Vaccination drive
On the vaccine front, India has vaccinated 12.6 crore beneficiaries with the first dose and 2.73 lakh beneficiaries with the second dose (9.3 percent of total population has received at least one dose) as of May 3.
"The vaccination pace has fallen to 23 lakh per day compared to 33 lakh a day two weeks ago, as key vaccine manufacturers highlight production delays on raw-material shortages," it said. "However, these production delays are likely to be short-lived as the US loosened restrictions for vaccine raw material exports to India."
Goldman Sachs said recent developments suggest that the vaccination pace could pick-up meaningfully in coming months.
The government also recently expanded vaccine eligibility to allow all adults over the age of 18 from May 1.
"Given these changes our healthcare analysts expect vaccine supply to improve significantly in the 2nd half of 2021," it said. "With increased vaccine supply and a larger eligible population pool, we now expect the country to be able to vaccinate two-thirds of its entire population by Q1-2022 from Q2-2022 previously."
